old paragraph: It can also be remarked that "bad" money, or the inverse of "good" or "ideal" money is basically a consequence of deficiencies on the part of governments and politicians of a sort relating to morals, virtue, or ethics. So it is arguable that the phenomena of "bad money" are essentially understandable via Machiavellian studies. And "rational expectations" and games of deception are relevant here. If the inhabitants of the principality of a Machiavellian prince can well understand the prince's schemes relating to the issuance of money then they can strategically adapt optimally to the circumstances. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// revised paragraph: It can also be observed that "bad" money, or the inverse of "good" or "ideal" money is frequently or typically a consequence of deficiencies on the part of governments and politicians of a sort relating to morals, virtue, or ethics. So it is arguable that the phenomena of "bad money" are in those cases understandable via Machiavellian studies. And "rational expectations" and games of deception are relevant here. If the inhabitants of the principality of a Machiavellian prince can well understand the prince's schemes relating to the issuance of money then they can strategically adapt optimally to the circumstances.